Physicians and Malpractice. If a physician operates on a man for a sever wound with a bronze lancet and saves the man's life, or if he opens an abscess in the eye of a man with a bronze lancet and saves that man's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver. If he is a plebeian, he shall receive five shekels.
If he is a slave, the owner shall pay two shekels. If a physician operates on a man for a sever wound with a bronze lancet and causes the man's death, or destroys the man's eye, they shall cut off his hand. If a physician operates on a slave for a severe wound and causes his death, he shall restore a slave of equal value. If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction sound, and the house which he has built collapses and causes the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death.
If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction sound, and a wall cracks, that builder shall strengthen that wall at his own expense. Property and Wage Regulations. If a man has hired an ox, or an ass, and a lion has killed it in the open field, the loss falls on the owner. If a man has hired an ox and has caused its death, by carelessness, or blows, he shall restore ox for ox, to the owner of the ox.
If a man has hired an ox, and god has struck it, and it has died, the man that hired the ox shall make affidavit and go free. If a bull has gone wild and gored a man, and caused his death, there can be no suit against the owner. If a man's ox be a gorer , and has revealed its evil propensity as a gorer , and he has not blunted its horn, or shut up the ox, and then that ox has gored a free man, and caused his death, the owner shall pay half a mina of silver If a man hires a field laborer, he shall pay him eight gur of grain per year.
If a man hires a herdsman, he shall pay him six gur of grain per year. If a man hires on ox to thresh, twenty sila of grain is his daily hire. If a slave has said to his master, "You are not my master," he shall be brought to account as his slave, and his master shall cut off his ear. Code of Hammurabi c. This code was not was not an entirely new set of laws, but a compilation and revision of earlier law codes of the Sumerians and Akkadians Prologue:. At that time I decreed: Justice 1. Property 6.
Irrigation It is not certain why Hammurabi chose to break this alliance. What is certain is the Babylonian Empire gained great wealth and of course, control of the Euphrates River. In most cases, after the conquest of a city, Babylon repaired and absorbed it into the empire. Soon after the fall of Mari, Hammurabi conquered Ashur and Eshnunna, achieving the latter by damming up the waters and starving the city.
More recently, historians have re-examined his reign and determined that his empire was not as invincible as once believed. By BCE, Hammurabi was a sick, old man. He passed along the reins of power to his son, Samsu-Iluna and died that year. The Babylon Empire soon began to unravel and its territory fell under attack and capture. Within years, its city-states were invaded and the last holdout of Babylon was sacked in BCE, by the Hittites. We strive for accuracy and fairness.
If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. The mushkenu was a free man who may have been landless. He was required to accept monetary compensation, paid smaller fines and lived in a separate section of the city.
The ardu was a slave whose master paid for his upkeep, but also took his compensation. Ardu could own property and other slaves, and could purchase his own freedom.
Women entered into marriage through a contract arranged by her family. She came with a dowry, and the gifts given by the groom to the bride also came with her. If a wife brought action against her husband for cruelty and neglect, she could have a legal separation if the case was proved.
Otherwise, she might be drowned as punishment. Adultery was punished with drowning of both parties, unless a husband was willing to pardon his wife. Archaeologists, including Egyptologist Gustave Jequier, discovered the code in at the ancient site of Susa in Khuzestan; a translation was published in by Jean-Vincent Scheil. The edicts range from family law to professional contracts and administrative law, often outlining different standards of justice for the three classes of Babylonian society—the propertied class, freedmen and slaves.
Penalties for malpractice followed the same scheme: a doctor who killed a rich patient would have his hands cut off, while only financial restitution was required if the victim was a slave. There they uncovered the stele of Hammurabi—broken into three pieces—that had been brought to Susa as spoils of war, likely by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in the midth century B. The stele was packed up and shipped to the Louvre in Paris, and within a year it had been translated and widely publicized as the earliest example of a written legal code—one that predated but bore striking parallels to the laws outlined in the Hebrew Old Testament.
The U. Supreme Court building features Hammurabi on the marble carvings of historic lawgivers that lines the south wall of the courtroom. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War.
Though the Union victory had given some 4 million enslaved people their freedom, the The amazing works of art and architecture known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World serve as a testament to the ingenuity, imagination and sheer hard work of which human beings are capable.
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