In , the Sabor decided that any confession other than the Catholic faith should be outlawed in Croatia. Muslims emigrate. Ethnic Germans immigrated into the cities of Croatia. These territories were amalgamated into the Illyrian Provinces. Battle of Sadowa, the Austrian Empire had to be placed on a wider power basis. To achieve this, Emperor Franz Joseph I. Memories Overview Gallery People Find. Sign in Create Account. Family Tree. From FamilySearch Wiki.
Categories : Croatia History. Navigation menu Personal tools English. Namespaces Page Talk. Views Read View source View history. Submit Wiki Content Report a Problem. Croatia Wiki Topics. The increasing likelihood that there would be separate, independent Serb and Croat states made an independent Bosnia and Hercegovina an unattractive option for most Serbs and Croats living in that republic, at least outside of Sarajevo.
By joining Serbia and Croatia, respectively, they would become members of ruling, sovereign majorities, rather than of potentially threatened minorities. Further, annexing large areas of Bosnia and Hercegovina had always been elements of the Serbian and Croatian nationalist ideologies. Reflecting these beliefs, the presidents of Serbia and Croatia met on the border of their republics in March , while Yugoslavia still existed, and agreed on the partition of Bosnia between Serbia and Croatia upon the breakup of Yugoslavia.
This agreement was restated by the leaders of the Bosnian Serbs and Croats in a meeting in Austria in May The Serb and Croat political parties in Bosnia and Hercegovina acted on their plans to divide the republic. As Yugoslavia disintegrated, these parties armed their own people and made plans for the military partition of Bosnia and Hercegovina once Yugoslavia was gone. In terms of public politics, the Serbs and Croats differed, since the Croats stood officially for an independent Bosnia and Hercegovina.
However, as noted at the time by Lord Carrington, the European Community's mediator in Yugoslavia, the Croats combined this official stance, in favor of an independent Bosnia and hercegovina, with practical politics aimed at ensuring that this "republic" would have literally no central authority of any kind. This left it an empty shell, much like the former Yugoslavia after Thus the Croat position amounted to favoring Bosnia's secession from Yugoslavia, making it easier to annex Croat-dominated regions to Croatia.
Bosnia remained peaceful, if extremely tense, as Serbs and Croats fought in Croatia from August until January As the cease-fire held in Croatia, Bosnia's Serbs and Croats began to implement their plans for dividing the republic, proclaiming "autonomous" Serb and Croat territories.
March saw increasing tensions and outbreaks of violence. Croat forces, some from Croatia, attacked Serb settlements in the north of Bosnia and in Hercegovina. Fighting quickly spread. However, since so many of the putative citizens of this supposed state preferred to be Serbs in a greater Serbia or Croats in a greater Croatia rather than "Bosnians" in an independent Bosnia, recognition only ensured that the war would intensify.
Having been told that they could not partition Bosnia and Hercegovina through negotiations, the Serbs and Croats proceeded to do it in the field, with bloodshed. The course of the war has effected the partition of Bosnia and Hercegovina. The campaign of "ethnic cleansing" there since , like those in Croatia in , have been aimed at creating homogenous nation-states. The difference is that while in the s the primary victims were Serbs at the hands of Croats and Muslims, in the s the primary victims are Muslims at the hands of Serbs and Croats.
An estimated , people have been killed thus far. While their ethnic breakdown is unknown, the UNHCR has released figures September on some of the almost 1,, displaced persons in Bosnia and Hercegovina.
Of these, , Muslims and Croats were displaced from areas under Serb control, while , Serbs were displaced from areas under Muslims of Croat control. Figures on Muslims displaced in areas under Croat control, or of Croats displaced in areas under Muslim control, were not reported, although these two groups fought in Hercegovina and central Bosnia, and each displaced members of the other in areas in which they attained control. However, Bosnia's Croats and Muslims, under very strong American pressure, agreed in March to create a "Federation" between themselves.
This "Federation" seems to exist primarily in the minds of the American diplomats who created it, since virtually no steps have been taken to implement it on the ground, and its Constitution does not provide a structure for a workable government. Croat and Muslim refugees cannot return home even within this "Federation. It would be comforting but irresponsible to view the Yugoslav tragedy as the result of "irrational passions" or the criminality of some individual politicians.
However, the courses of the wars of the Yugoslav secessions and succession have been driven by a very firm logic, that of self-determination of the nations involved. By this logic, states serve the interest of the nation, ethnically defined, not of all citizens.
Minorities have few rights indeed in the new states; state chauvinism, like state socialism, is a totalizing ideology. Minorities are thus always under threat, which is why they reject the state which excludes them. In areas where an overall minority forms a local majority, war is likely. But a more difficult problem follows as well: a state can exist only when it has a nation to serve, and if the population does not define itself as a nation, the state cannot exist. When the population of Yugoslavia partitioned itself into Serbs, Croats, and others, Yugoslavia was doomed.
In the same manner, when the population of Bosnia and Hercegovina partitioned itself into Serbs, Croats, and others, that supposed state was stillborn. Yugoslavia collapsed when separate, exclusivist Serbian and Croatian nationalism triumphed politically, thus rendering the joint state nonviable. This same triumph of nationalism, ratified internationally by the diplomatic recognition of the self-determination of the republics in the former Yugoslavia, also rendered the joint state of Bosnia and Hercegovina nonviable.
The tragedy is that the former Yugoslavia, which was built upon the premise of the coexistence of the Yugoslav peoples, provided the only framework for avoiding armed conflict between them. When it was dismembered as a result of nationalist movements based on their supposed implacable hostility, "ethnic cleansing" was the logical result. Our website houses close to five decades of content and publishing.
Any content older than 10 years is archival and Cultural Survival does not necessarily agree with the content and word choice today. Learn about Cultural Survival's response to Covid Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. The Partition of Croatia One difference between the demise of Yugoslavia in and its creation in was a change in the dominant patterns of serbian nationalism.
Article copyright Cultural Survival, Inc. June The meaning of KUNA is - a marten - its skin had been used as a unit in trade. The earliest mention we know of is from the year , on the island of Cres. The first known use of kuna on a Croatian coin goes as far back as , when a local currency displaying kuna was issued in Slavonia. Citizens of Croatia celebrating Christmas on 7th January Orthodox Christians , citizens of the Islamic denominations on the days of Ramadan Bairam and Kurban Bairam, and citizens of the Jewish denomination on the days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, have the right not to work.
Parts of the Croatian nation are historically and culturally deeply rooted to the territories of the neighbouring Slovenia , Hungary , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Montenegro , and also to Austria, Slovakia, Italy, Romania. All these Croatian groups and regions provide a great richness of dialects, national costumes, habits, folk songs. The present capital of Croatia is the city of Zagreb population about 1,, , very old and pleasant city, mentioned for the first time in In former Yugoslavia Zagreb was a leading industrial, cultural and scientific center.
The Croatian National Emblems are: the tricolour flag red, white, blue, arranged in this order perpendicularly to the staff , and the coat of arms 13 red squares and 12 silver squares arranged intermittently in a 5 times 5 pattern.
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